Ghost Forest Series, Digital Photography, 24" x 36" giclée print, 2024

The Ghost Forest series is an ongoing photographic documentation begun in the summer of 2022. Depicting the emergence of ghost forests along the mid-Atlantic coasts, particularly in the DelMarVa area. When salt water is pushed inland into freshwater ecosystems due to storms, rising sea level, and climate change, the salinity of the soil becomes too high. The Atlantic White Cedar is particularly susceptible to the high salinity, and is the first species to die. Large scale black and white digital photographic series.

Ghost Forest Series, Digital Photography, 24" x 36" giclée print, 2023

The Ghost Forest series is an ongoing photographic documentation begun in the summer of 2022. Depicting the emergence of ghost forests along the mid-Atlantic coasts, particularly in the DelMarVa area. When salt water is pushed inland into freshwater ecosystems due to storms, rising sea level, and climate change, the salinity of the soil becomes too high. The Atlantic White Cedar is particularly susceptible to the high salinity, and is the first species to die. Large scale black and white digital photographic series.

Ghost Forest Series, Digital Photography, 36" x 24" giclée print, 2023

The Ghost Forest series is an ongoing photographic documentation begun in the summer of 2022. Depicting the emergence of ghost forests along the mid-Atlantic coasts, particularly in the DelMarVa area. When salt water is pushed inland into freshwater ecosystems due to storms, rising sea level, and climate change, the salinity of the soil becomes too high. The Atlantic White Cedar is particularly susceptible to the high salinity, and is the first species to die. Large scale black and white digital photographic series.

Ghost Forest Series, Digital Photography, 24" x 36" giclée print, 2024

The Ghost Forest series is an ongoing photographic documentation begun in the summer of 2022. Depicting the emergence of ghost forests along the mid-Atlantic coasts, particularly in the DelMarVa area. When salt water is pushed inland into freshwater ecosystems due to storms, rising sea level, and climate change, the salinity of the soil becomes too high. The Atlantic White Cedar is particularly susceptible to the high salinity, and is the first species to die. Large scale black and white digital photographic series.

Ghost Forest Series, Digital Photography, 36" x 24" giclée print, 2023

The Ghost Forest series is an ongoing photographic documentation begun in the summer of 2022. Depicting the emergence of ghost forests along the mid-Atlantic coasts, particularly in the DelMarVa area. When salt water is pushed inland into freshwater ecosystems due to storms, rising sea level, and climate change, the salinity of the soil becomes too high. The Atlantic White Cedar is particularly susceptible to the high salinity, and is the first species to die. Large scale black and white digital photographic series.

Ghost Forest Series, Digital Photography, 36" x 24" giclée print, 2022

The Ghost Forest series is an ongoing photographic documentation begun in the summer of 2022. Depicting the emergence of ghost forests along the mid-Atlantic coasts, particularly in the DelMarVa area. When salt water is pushed inland into freshwater ecosystems due to storms, rising sea level, and climate change, the salinity of the soil becomes too high. The Atlantic White Cedar is particularly susceptible to the high salinity, and is the first species to die. Large scale black and white digital photographic series.

Ghost Forest Series, Digital Photography, 24" x 36" giclée print, 2022

The Ghost Forest series is an ongoing photographic documentation begun in the summer of 2022. Depicting the emergence of ghost forests along the mid-Atlantic coasts, particularly in the DelMarVa area. When salt water is pushed inland into freshwater ecosystems due to storms, rising sea level, and climate change, the salinity of the soil becomes too high. The Atlantic White Cedar is particularly susceptible to the high salinity, and is the first species to die. Large scale black and white digital photographic series.

Ghost Forest Series, Digital Photography, 24" x 36" giclée print, 2022

The Ghost Forest series is an ongoing photographic documentation begun in the summer of 2022. Depicting the emergence of ghost forests along the mid-Atlantic coasts, particularly in the DelMarVa area. When salt water is pushed inland into freshwater ecosystems due to storms, rising sea level, and climate change, the salinity of the soil becomes too high. The Atlantic White Cedar is particularly susceptible to the high salinity, and is the first species to die. Large scale black and white digital photographic series.

Ghost Forest Series, Digital Photography, 24" x 36" giclée print, 2024

The Ghost Forest series is an ongoing photographic documentation begun in the summer of 2022. Depicting the emergence of ghost forests along the mid-Atlantic coasts, particularly in the DelMarVa area. When salt water is pushed inland into freshwater ecosystems due to storms, rising sea level, and climate change, the salinity of the soil becomes too high. The Atlantic White Cedar is particularly susceptible to the high salinity, and is the first species to die. Large scale black and white digital photographic series.

Ghost Forest Series, Digital Photography, 24" x 36" giclée print, 2023

The Ghost Forest series is an ongoing photographic documentation begun in the summer of 2022. Depicting the emergence of ghost forests along the mid-Atlantic coasts, particularly in the DelMarVa area. When salt water is pushed inland into freshwater ecosystems due to storms, rising sea level, and climate change, the salinity of the soil becomes too high. The Atlantic White Cedar is particularly susceptible to the high salinity, and is the first species to die. Large scale black and white digital photographic series.

From the Reverberate series, Watergram, 20" x24", 2023

Reverberate is an experimentation in alternative processes in the darkroom. Film and camera-less, these images are created with only light, water and motion. The unique lines and patterns in the images appear as the water vibrates during exposure. Processed in traditional darkroom chemistry and one of a kind, these images are visual representations of sound. More current work incorporates original sound composed in collaboration with musician Mitch Maltese.

From the Reverberate series, Watergram, 24" x20", 2023

Reverberate is an experimentation in alternative processes in the darkroom. Film and camera-less, these images are created with only light, water and motion. The unique lines and patterns in the images appear as the water vibrates during exposure. Processed in traditional darkroom chemistry and one of a kind, these images are visual representations of sound. More current work incorporates original sound composed in collaboration with musician Mitch Maltese.

From the Reverberate series, Watergram, 20" x24", 2023

Reverberate is an experimentation in alternative processes in the darkroom. Film and camera-less, these images are created with only light, water and motion. The unique lines and patterns in the images appear as the water vibrates during exposure. Processed in traditional darkroom chemistry and one of a kind, these images are visual representations of sound. More current work incorporates original sound composed in collaboration with musician Mitch Maltese.

From the Reverberate series, Watergram, 20" x24", 2023

Reverberate is an experimentation in alternative processes in the darkroom. Film and camera-less, these images are created with only light, water and motion. The unique lines and patterns in the images appear as the water vibrates during exposure. Processed in traditional darkroom chemistry and one of a kind, these images are visual representations of sound. More current work incorporates original sound composed in collaboration with musician Mitch Maltese.

From the Reverberate series, Watergram, 24" x20", 2023

Reverberate is an experimentation in alternative processes in the darkroom. Film and camera-less, these images are created with only light, water and motion. The unique lines and patterns in the images appear as the water vibrates during exposure. Processed in traditional darkroom chemistry and one of a kind, these images are visual representations of sound. More current work incorporates original sound composed in collaboration with musician Mitch Maltese.

From the Reverberate series, Watergram, 24" x20", 2023

Reverberate is an experimentation in alternative processes in the darkroom. Film and camera-less, these images are created with only light, water and motion. The unique lines and patterns in the images appear as the water vibrates during exposure. Processed in traditional darkroom chemistry and one of a kind, these images are visual representations of sound. More current work incorporates original sound composed in collaboration with musician Mitch Maltese.

Reverberate series, Watergram, 20" x 24," 2024 

Reverberate is an experimentation in alternative processes in the darkroom. Film and camera-less, these images are created with only light, water and motion. The unique lines and patterns in the images appear as the water vibrates during exposure. Processed in traditional darkroom chemistry and one of a kind, these images are visual representations of sound. More current work incorporates original sound composed in collaboration with musician Mitch Maltese

From the Reverberate series, Watergram, 24" x20", 2024

Reverberate is an experimentation in alternative processes in the darkroom. Film and camera-less, these images are created with only light, water and motion. The unique lines and patterns in the images appear as the water vibrates during exposure. Processed in traditional darkroom chemistry and one of a kind, these images are visual representations of sound. More current work incorporates original sound composed in collaboration with musician Mitch Maltese.

From the Reverberate series, Watergram, 20" x24", 2024

Reverberate is an experimentation in alternative processes in the darkroom. Film and camera-less, these images are created with only light, water and motion. The unique lines and patterns in the images appear as the water vibrates during exposure. Processed in traditional darkroom chemistry and one of a kind, these images are visual representations of sound. More current work incorporates original sound composed in collaboration with musician Mitch Maltese.

Video of the process of creating a watergram in the darkroom. This is an alternative photography process that does not utilize a camera, film or any digital tools. The image is created by capturing the patterns and shadows of light interacting with motion in water. Here I have placed a light sensitive sheet of photo paper in a tray of water with a small speaker in a metal cylinder. I am playing a clip of music composed by musician Mitch Maltese, which creates ripples and vibrations in the water. I then create a bright and fast flash from a calculated height and distance. This "stops" the motion of the water and records the shadows of the waves on to the photo paper. Then the print is processed in traditional photo chemistry. No two images are ever the same.

Ectoplasm, Mixed Media Collage appx. 16" x 20", 2025 

Mixed media cyanotype and Van Dyke Brown on watercolor paper with found plants and objects, seaweed, salt water, vinegar, soap bubbles, and tumeric applied during exposure in sunlight. Cyanotypes are a historic alternative light sensitive process where the liquid cyanotype chemical is applied in layers to a surface. The image is created by laying objects, translucent images, or negatives to block or expose certain areas of the composition. The piece is exposed to UV light and developed in water. The additional colors in this piece were created by applying different herbs, soaps and salt water during the exposure process. appx. 16" x 20", 2025 

Time is an Unreliable Narrator, Lumen Print 8" x 10", 2023 

Lumen print of 4x5 negatives, handmade lace, and feathers, contact printed on expired black and white Agfa paper. Lumen printing is a camera-less and chemical free image making process with traditional black and white darkroom paper.  Objects or layers of negatives and transparencies are used to create the composition, and the changes in color occur from the age of the expired papers, the exposure length, and the the temperature. This process requires the image to be unfixed, so it continues to develop and change color in ambient light. 8" x 10", 2023

"Salt Witch", Mixed Media Collage 20" x 30" 2025

Mixed media cyanotype and lumen prints on watercolor paper with found plants and objects, seaweed, salt water, vinegar, soap bubbles, and tumeric applied during exposure in sunlight. Cyanotypes are a historic alternative light sensitive process where the liquid cyanotype chemical is applied in layers to a surface. The image is created by laying objects, translucent images, or negatives to block or expose certain areas of the composition. The piece is exposed to UV light and developed in water. The additional colors in this piece were created by applying different herbs, soaps and salt water during the exposure process. 

"Chumming for Sharks"  Mixed Media Collage, appx. 20" x 16,"  2025.

mixed media cyanotype and lumen prints on watercolor paper with found plants and objects, seaweed, salt water, vinegar, soap bubbles, and tumeric applied during exposure in sunlight. Cyanotypes are a historic alternative light sensitive process where the liquid cyanotype chemical is applied in layers to a surface. The image is created by laying objects, translucent images, or negatives to block or expose certain areas of the composition. The piece is exposed to UV light and developed in water. The additional colors in this piece were created by applying different herbs, soaps and salt water during the exposure process. 

Shark Infested Waters, Mixed Media Collage, appx. 11" x 14" 2023

Cyanotype with mixed media collage on water color paper. Images from family archive, plant material, cyanotype chemistry, salt water, seaweed, soap, vinegar, turmeric, salt, gold thread, and sun light. 

"Shark Bait" Lumen Print, appx. 8" x 10" 2022

Lumen print on expired black and white photo paper. Utilized photos from family archive to create a digital negative for contact printing. appx. 8" x 10" 2022

Time Bomb, Cyanotype Collage, appx. 10" x 8" 2022

Cyanotype on watercolor paper with hand embroidery. Utilized family archive images to create a digital negative for contact printing.

Time Bomb no. 2, Lumen Print, appx. 5" x7" 2022

Lumen print on black and white photographic paper. Utilized family archive image to create a digital negative for contact printing.

Petunia's Lace, Lumen Print, appx.  8" x 10", 2024

Lumen print with my Grandmother's heirloom lace, contact printed on expired black and white Agfa paper. Lumen printing is a camera-less and chemical free image making process with traditional black and white darkroom paper.  Objects or layers of negatives and transparencies are used to create the composition, and the changes in color occur from the age of the expired papers, the exposure length, and the the temperature. This process requires the image to be unfixed, so it continues to develop and change color in ambient light. 8" x 10", 2024

"Fresh Pond" Image Transfer, 11" x14" 2024.

Color inkjet image transfer on watercolor paper, with hand coloring. 11" x 14" created in 2024.

Alleyway, Chlorophyll Print, appx. 8" x 10" 2023

Plant material, UV light, Pinhole negative and contact printing. Chlorophyll printing is an alternative photographic process using plant materials, family photographs, found objects, digitally created negatives, and sun light. Exploring the ephemeral nature of memory. More current pieces utilize images of threatened or extinct native MD plant species juxtaposed and printed on popular plants found at garden centers across the country. This a camera-less, film-less and chemical free process using the light sensitivity in plant chlorophyll. These images are not archival and will continue to develop naturally in U.V. light.

False Asphodel, Chlorophyll Print, appx. 10" x 8" 2025

Chlorophyll prints are a light sensitive alternative photographic process. This is a camera-less, film-less and chemical free process using the light sensitivity of plant chlorophyll. "False Asphodel" utilizes images of threatened or extinct native MD plant species juxtaposed and printed on popular plants found at garden centers across the country. These images are not archival and will continue to develop naturally in U.V. light.

Detail of False Asphodel, Chlorophyll Print, appx. 10" x 8" 2025.

Chlorophyll prints are a light sensitive alternative photographic process. This is a camera-less, film-less and chemical free process using the light sensitivity of plant chlorophyll. Detail of "False Asphodel" utilizes images of threatened or extinct native MD plant species juxtaposed and printed on popular plants found at garden centers across the country. These images are not archival and will continue to develop naturally in U.V. light.

Mitosis, Chlorophyll Print, appx. 10" x 8" 2023

Image of cell division contact printed onto an Umbrella Tree leaf. Chlorophyll printing is an alternative photographic process using plant materials, family photographs, found objects, digitally created negatives, and sun light. Exploring the ephemeral nature of memory. More current pieces utilize images of threatened or extinct native MD plant species juxtaposed and printed on popular plants found at garden centers across the country. This a camera-less, film-less and chemical free process using the light sensitivity in plant chlorophyll. These images are not archival and will continue to develop naturally in U.V. light.

Lace, Chlorophyll Print, appx. 10" x 8" 2023.

My Grandmother's lace contact printed onto an Umbrella Tree leaf. Organic Material, leaf, sunlight. Chlorophyll printing is an alternative photographic process using plant materials, family photographs, found objects, digitally created negatives, and sun light. Exploring the ephemeral nature of memory. More current pieces utilize images of threatened or extinct native MD plant species juxtaposed and printed on popular plants found at garden centers across the country. This a camera-less, film-less and chemical free process using the light sensitivity in plant chlorophyll. These images are not archival and will continue to develop naturally in U.V. light.

Southern Mountain Mint, Chlorophyll Print, appx. 10" x 8" 2024

Chlorophyll prints are a light sensitive alternative photographic process. This is a camera-less, film-less and chemical free process using the light sensitivity of plant chlorophyll. "Southern Mountain Mint" utilizes images of threatened or extinct native MD plant species juxtaposed and printed on popular plants found at garden centers across the country. These images are not archival and will continue to develop naturally in U.V. light.

Glade Spurge, Chlorophyll Print, appx. 10" x 8" 2024

Chlorophyll prints are a light sensitive alternative photographic process. This is a camera-less, film-less and chemical free process using the light sensitivity of plant chlorophyll. "Glade Spurge" utilizes images of threatened or extinct native MD plant species juxtaposed and printed on popular plants found at garden centers across the country. These images are not archival and will continue to develop naturally in U.V. light.

Ebb Series, Lumen Print, 10"x8" 2023

Expired photographic paper, seaweed u.v. light, contact printed, stabilized in salt water. Lumen prints are created with expired black and white light sensitive photographic paper. The colors appear according to the length of exposure, age of the paper, temperature, and acids in the objects. The prints cannot be fixed with traditional darkroom chemistry, and will continue to develop and change in the ambient light. 

Ebb Series Diptych, Lumen Print, 10"x8" 2023

Expired photographic paper, seaweed u.v. light, contact printed, stabilized in salt water. Lumen prints are created with expired black and white light sensitive photographic paper. The colors appear according to the length of exposure, age of the paper, temperature, and acids in the objects. The prints cannot be fixed with traditional darkroom chemistry, and will continue to develop and change in the ambient light. 

Ebb Series, Lumen Print, 10"x8" 2023

Expired photographic paper, seaweed u.v. light, contact printed, stabilized in salt water. Lumen prints are created with expired black and white light sensitive photographic paper. The colors appear according to the length of exposure, age of the paper, temperature, and acids in the objects. The prints cannot be fixed with traditional darkroom chemistry, and will continue to develop and change in the ambient light. 

Ebb Series, Lumen Print, 10"x8" 2023

Expired photographic paper, seaweed u.v. light, contact printed, stabilized in salt water. Lumen prints are created with expired black and white light sensitive photographic paper. The colors appear according to the length of exposure, age of the paper, temperature, and acids in the objects. The prints cannot be fixed with traditional darkroom chemistry, and will continue to develop and change in the ambient light. 

Lace, Lumen Print, 10"x8" 2023

Expired photographic paper, lace, u.v. light, contact printed, stabilized in salt water. Lumen prints are created with expired black and white light sensitive photographic paper. The colors appear according to the length of exposure, age of the paper, temperature, and acids in the objects. The prints cannot be fixed with traditional darkroom chemistry, and will continue to develop and change in the ambient light. 

Seaweed, Lumen Print, 10"x8" 2023

Expired photographic paper, seaweed u.v. light, contact printed, stabilized in salt water. Lumen prints are created with expired black and white light sensitive photographic paper. The colors appear according to the length of exposure, age of the paper, temperature, and acids in the objects. The prints cannot be fixed with traditional darkroom chemistry, and will continue to develop and change in the ambient light. 

Sea Nettle #3, Lumen Print, 10" x 8" 2024

In the Ebb project, I collect seaweed, plant material, and found objects from the areas near ghost forests. I contact print onto photographic paper leaving the translucent silhouettes, and attempt to stabilize the images with saltwater. Here salt water is an agent of preservation rather than destruction.The colors are created by exposing expired black and white photographic paper to U.V. light. Moisture, heat, the acid of the objects all interact with the papers in unusual  and non-replicable ways. "Sea Nettle" was created on expired black and white kentmere paper in 2024, 8" x 10"

Sea Nettle, Lumen Print, 10" x 8" 2024

In the Ebb project, I collect seaweed, plant material, and found objects from the areas near ghost forests. I contact print onto photographic paper leaving the translucent silhouettes, and attempt to stabilize the images with saltwater. Here salt water is an agent of preservation rather than destruction.The colors are created by exposing expired black and white photographic paper to U.V. light. Moisture, heat, the acid of the objects all interact with the papers in unusual  and non-replicable ways. "Sea Nettle" was created on expired black and white kentmere paper in 2024, 8" x 10"

Sea Nettle #2, Lumen Print, 10" x 8" 2024

In the Ebb project, I collect seaweed, plant material, and found objects from the areas near ghost forests. I contact print onto photographic paper leaving the translucent silhouettes, and attempt to stabilize the images with saltwater. Here salt water is an agent of preservation rather than destruction.The colors are created by exposing expired black and white photographic paper to U.V. light. Moisture, heat, the acid of the objects all interact with the papers in unusual  and non-replicable ways. "Sea Nettle" was created on expired black and white kentmere paper in 2024, 8" x 10"

Ebb Series, Lumen Print, 10" x 8" 2022

In the Ebb project, I collect seaweed, plant material, and found objects from the areas near ghost forests. I contact print onto photographic paper leaving the translucent silhouettes, and attempt to stabilize the images with saltwater. Here salt water is an agent of preservation rather than destruction.The colors are created by exposing expired black and white photographic paper to U.V. light. Moisture, heat, the acid of the objects all interact with the papers in unusual  and non-replicable ways. 

Threshold Series, Digital Photography, Giclée Print appx. 24" x 37" 2023

Threshold is a photographic project documenting the atmospheric phenomenom of a temperature inversion over the ocean or other large body of water. The horizon line becomes obscured, resulting in a a temporary state of feeling unmoored. This is a liminal space, neither completely land or sea, air or water. It is an absence of footing, and a feeling of disorientation.

Threshold Series, Digital Photography, Giclée Print appx. 24" x 37" 2023

Threshold is a photographic project documenting the atmospheric phenomenom of a temperature inversion over the ocean or other large body of water. The horizon line becomes obscured, resulting in a a temporary state of feeling unmoored. This is a liminal space, neither completely land or sea, air or water. It is an absence of footing, and a feeling of disorientation.

Threshold Series, Digital Photography, Giclée Print appx. 24" x 37" 2023

Threshold is a photographic project documenting the atmospheric phenomenom of a temperature inversion over the ocean or other large body of water. The horizon line becomes obscured, resulting in a a temporary state of feeling unmoored. This is a liminal space, neither completely land or sea, air or water. It is an absence of footing, and a feeling of disorientation.

Threshold Series, Digital Photography, Giclée Print appx. 24" x 37" 2023

Threshold is a photographic project documenting the atmospheric phenomenom of a temperature inversion over the ocean or other large body of water. The horizon line becomes obscured, resulting in a a temporary state of feeling unmoored. This is a liminal space, neither completely land or sea, air or water. It is an absence of footing, and a feeling of disorientation.

Threshold Series, Digital Photography, Giclée Print appx. 24" x 37" 2023

Threshold is a photographic project documenting the atmospheric phenomenom of a temperature inversion over the ocean or other large body of water. The horizon line becomes obscured, resulting in a a temporary state of feeling unmoored. This is a liminal space, neither completely land or sea, air or water. It is an absence of footing, and a feeling of disorientation.

Threshold Series, Digital Photography, 5 Giclée Prints appx. 24" x 37" each. Installation image 2023.

Threshold is a photographic project documenting the atmospheric phenomena of a temperature inversion over the ocean or other large body of water. The horizon line becomes obscured, resulting in a a temporary state of feeling unmoored. This is a liminal space, neither completely land or sea, air or water. It is an absence of footing, and a feeling of disorientation.

Digital photography series. Each print is appx 24” x 37” Installation view of series in gallery exhibit. 

Untethered Image and Sound Collaboration Projection, sizes vary, 2023

Untethered is a sound and image installation, revisiting images from Threshold, and replacing the disappearing  visual information with sound. Using low frequencies, reverberations and higher pitched tones, the aim is to influence the viewer's sensory response to the images. Projected on a vertically hung screen, the sound and images slowly change and evolve while viewing. 

Untethered Installation view of video projection in gallery show. Video and sound installation is viewed on a vertically hung screen.

Lake Montebello, Digital Photography, Giclée Print, appx. 20"x24" 2022

Photographic series shot at Lake Montebello and surrounding areas. Temperature inversions create layers of dense mist over large bodies of water or open fields. Obscuring the horizon line and landscape. The usually busy environment is muffled and rendered still in these temporarily quiet moments. 

Gems, Digital Photography, Giclée Print, appx. 16"x20" 2022

Photographic series shot at Lake Montebello and surrounding areas. Temperature inversions create layers of dense mist over large bodies of water or open fields. Obscuring the horizon line and landscape. The usually busy environment is muffled and rendered still in these temporarily quiet moments. 

Dog Walker, Digital Photography, Giclée Print, appx. 16"x20" 2022

Photographic series shot at Lake Montebello and surrounding areas. Temperature inversions create layers of dense mist over large bodies of water or open fields. Obscuring the horizon line and landscape. The usually busy environment is muffled and rendered still in these temporarily quiet moments. 

Goals, Digital Photography, Giclée Print, appx. 20"x24" 2022

Photographic series shot at Lake Montebello and surrounding areas. Temperature inversions create layers of dense mist over large bodies of water or open fields. Obscuring the horizon line and landscape. The usually busy environment is muffled and rendered still in these temporarily quiet moments. 

Caution, Digital Photography, Giclée Print, appx. 20"x24" 2022

Photographic series shot at Lake Montebello and surrounding areas. Temperature inversions create layers of dense mist over large bodies of water or open fields. Obscuring the horizon line and landscape. The usually busy environment is muffled and rendered still in these temporarily quiet moments. 

Lake, Digital Photography, Giclée Print, appx. 20"x24" 2022

Photographic series shot at Lake Montebello and surrounding areas. Temperature inversions create layers of dense mist over large bodies of water or open fields. Obscuring the horizon line and landscape. The usually busy environment is muffled and rendered still in these temporarily quiet moments.